Social Media and Use of Force Revisited

See Picture Note Below

If you are ever involved in a use-of-force incident and are charged criminally, one thing that you can be certain of is that the prosecutor will ferret out every controversial thing that you have ever posted on-line. They will use that information to paint you as a blood-thirsty, Rambo-wanna be who was itching to kill someone for their own visceral pleasure. What you post on social media, what you wear, the public behaviors you exhibit, and potentially what others post can be used against you in court. 

Posts on social networking sites such as Facebook, Reddit, “X”, Instagram, blogs, and other social media are regularly popping up as evidence in courtrooms across the country. Social media evidence has been a critical element in several use of force court cases. 

Prosecutors and defense attorneys have learned that searching people’s social networking and combing though some of what they have shared with the rest of the world is often a veritable gold mine of information. In several trials, a defendant’s credibility was completely lost in a matter of seconds when the jury was presented with something the defendant had previously written in text messages or posted on social media. 

As an example, in an incident during a protest in Austin, Texas a ride share driver named Daniel Perry shot and killed Garrett Foster (a protestor). Perry told Austin PD lead detective, David Fugitt that Foster approached his vehicle and pointed an AK-47 at him. Perry responded by shooting Foster five times. Based on Perrys recounting of the incident and other witness statements, Detective Fugitt concluded that the shooting was likely justified self-defense and declined arrest Perry at the scene. Detective Fugitt’s further investigation developed exculpatory evidence including animation from Daniel's Perry's driving the night of the incident coordinated with his cell phone records that (in the detective’s opinion) refuted the deadly conduct charge. (1)

However, newly-elected (at that time) Travis County District Attorney José Garza quickly brought the incident before a grand jury. I suspect Garza’s decision to prosecute Perry in large part was because of Perry’s social media postings and private messages. After an eight-day trial, the jury returned a guilty verdict for the murder charge and found Perry not guilty of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon.

The prosecution submitted some of Perry's Facebook postings in evidence during the trial. However, the prosecution requested and I believe the judge likely approved the release of a document containing the transcript of Perry’s private messages and other social media after Perry was convicted to inflame public opinion concerning Perry prior to his sentencing. Travis County prosecutors released seventy-six pages of Daniel Perry’s phone messages, media files, Facebook messages, and other information concerning his internet searches, texting conversations, etc. dating back to 2019. (2)

In Perry’s social media and messages he speculated numerous times about shooting protestors. During his trial, I believe prosecutors successfully used Perry’s social media and private messages to establish mens rea or a “guilty mind” concerning Perry’s actions. Mens rea refers to what the defendant was thinking and what his intent was at the time he committed the crime.

Here is some food for thought. Many self-defense and firearms associated Facebook groups and the discussions in those groups can encourage participants to believe they are among friends and as a result post potentially imprudent comments. Below are just a few examples of actual quotes that I have seen in Facebook groups discussing various incidents.

     -- Should have killed both of those cockroaches.

     -- Needs a bullet between the eyes!

     -- Needs to be shot.

     -- Put a cap in him.

I recently saw a somewhat well-known firearm instructor’s Facebook post stating: “Why can’t we all just see a MF’er and shoot a MF’er?” This post received several hundred likes from people in the firearms community.

Your “likes” on social media can also be viewed as speech. In Bland v. Roberts, the 4th Circuit stated in part: “On the most basic level, clicking on the “like” button literally causes to be published the statement that the user “likes” something, which is itself a substantive statement. … That a user may use a single mouse click to produce that message that he likes the page instead of typing the same message with several individual keystrokes is of no constitutional significance.” (3)

So let's say you’ve been freely expressing your opinion concerning shootings and other use of force incidents on Facebook and other social media. You also like expressive t-shirts and you still find the Marvel Comics fictional character “Punisher” fascinating. Now you are involved in a self-defense shooting and perhaps it occurred in one of the more “progressive” jurisdictions like--Travis County, Texas.

See Picture Note Below

Let’s go a step further and say that the miscreants who attacked you are of a different race, that the surveillance cameras only recorded one view of the incident, and that view does not completely reflect what you were confronting face to face. The progressive population demands that the progressive prosecutor present the incident to a grand jury and you are now charged with a serious crime. 

Remember, self-defense is an affirmative defense and can be a two-edged sword. To present an affirmative defense, you must admit that you did the act; however, you affirm that you were legally justified in doing so. The prosecution obviously disagrees and will be attempting to demonstrate that your action was not legally justifiable and that you in fact committed a crime. I believe based upon my research of the incident that Daniel Perry acted in self-defense. However, the prosecution successfully used Perry’s own words to support his prosecution.

Now, think about this real hard the next time you are typing something online. Would you want a jury hearing that you had previously said any of the statements above? What if there was a racial difference between you and your attacker and your attacker just happened to be of the same race as the individuals whom you called “cockroaches” and said should have been killed in a Facebook post? How do you think the jury is going to view this and your t-shirt picture that says a bullet is faster than dialing 911 or the Punisher decals on your vehicle? 

“Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, I present "exhibit A" taken from a post the defendant made on social media in an unknown county in Texas on or about June 2020. According to the defendant: “all (insert race) are cockroaches and should be killed.” 

So after the victim approached the defendant in the gas station and said “I am taking your car” but then backed away having had second thoughts about what he was doing. The defendant who, by his own words has been anxious to kill some (insert race) cockroaches, then emptied a clip of DEADLY HOLLOW POINT KILLER BULLETS from his AUTOMATIC ASSAULT PISTOL (liberal lawyers always use incorrect nomenclature like clip and assault pistol). The ‘victim’ in this brutal, premeditated crime has five children and was merely trying to provide for them the best that he knew how. Was he also a “(insert race) cockroach” that should have been killed?” 

Given some of the thug behavior you see today, it may be your opinion that the thug in a video did indeed need to be shot. Regardless, is this really a statement you would like a jury to hear and for your lawyer to try and defend or explain? 

Before making a post on a social media site, think about how people might interpret your words. Even if you feel they aren’t negative or damaging, a viewer might disagree. Never post anything online that you wouldn’t want to own up to publicly. 

Do not to expect your social media posts and text messages to stay private. Plan accordingly when using these accounts to communicate with others. Even so-called private posts made or exchanged on social media can come back to haunt you in court. Consider them a journal that anyone could pick up off your desk or bring to court as proof of your private thoughts and activities. Since even innocuous actions can appear to be inconsistent with certain claims, expect this information to be used in court when it might give the other side an advantage.

Remember that social media posts and text messages can also be a type of evidence that you have a duty to preserve. If you are involved in a self-defense incident and then try to delete these accounts, this could cast doubt on your credibility and imply that you are trying to hide something. 

Since social media is such an ingrained part of modern life, you can expect that it will become an even bigger feature in court cases in years to come. It is a very good practice to keep your social media posts benign and only include things you’d want a potential jury to see. How you dress and present yourself can also have unanticipated consequences. Posing for a picture in from of your cool vehicle that is covered in Punisher decals while wearing a t-shirt that says “a 9mm is faster than 911” may have implications you would rather not have your defense lawyer try to defend at your trial. “Smile, wait for flash” engraved on your pistol muzzle might be clever but . . . you get my point.

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(1). David Fugitt Affidavit: https://archive.org/details/fuggit-affidavit/mode/2up 

(2). Perry Documents: https://www.kxan.com/wpcontent/uploads/sites /40/2023/04/Daniel-Perry-Evidence.pdf

(3). Bland v. Roberts, United States Court of Appeals For The Fourth Circuit, No. 12-1671

Picture Note: The pictures in this article are used solely to illustrate the ideas being discussed. No picture in this article is in any way associated with Daniel Perry or any incident, trial, or other activity involving Daniel Perry.

A Bang, But No Boom. The Well-Designed SIG P320

During one of my recent practice sessions, a round had a different feel when it fired. Additionally, as it fired I saw a black item exiting the pistol which I later determined to be the extractor departing stage right.

In the SIG P320 armorer’s course, the instructor mentioned that SIG engineers designed the P320’s extractor to blow out and relieve excessive gas pressure when a case ruptured and vented the pressure into the pistol, thus preventing further damage. That is exactly what happened. A 9mm brass case ruptured, allowing the gas to enter the pistol; however, the only damage my pistol suffered was the loss of the extractor (I could not find it).

Why did the case rupture? Typically, there are several causes of case ruptures including too much gunpowder, a weakened case (from too many reloads or poor manufacture), or a chamber that does not fully support the case. I was shooting my reloaded training ammunition which opens the possibility that I had too much gunpowder in the round. I do not believe that is what happened, however.

I am very familiar with the signs of overpressure in ammunition. The primer from this round exhibited no signs of excessive pressure. The case in question was a brass case from the Tula Ammo cartridge company which had only been reloaded one time. Since the primer exhibited no signs of excessive pressure, I can only conclude that the case itself was weak.  

In semi-automatic pistols, the case usually ruptures on the underside where it does not have complete chamber support because of the feed ramp cutout. This is where the case ruptured in this instance. 

 

Excessive pressure flattens the primer and can cause the firing pin to pierce the primer. With extreme overpressure, the pressure blows the primer out and destroys the brass case. Case ruptures often result in magazine damage with the magazine blown out of the gun and may also damage or destroy the frame of polymer pistols which means the pistol must be replaced. In the example shown below,the case completely ruptured and vented all of the pressure into the pistol. The pistol was a Springfield XD and the overpressure damaged the magazine, damaged the top round in the magazine, and completely destroyed the pistol; however, it did not injure the shooter.   

In my incident, I believe the SIG design turned what might have been an expensive event into a minor annoyance.

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Tap Rack? Not Always a Good Idea

Many instructors teach that the proper response to a click instead of a bang when firing your pistol is to tap the magazine and rack the slide—tap-rack—because this will often clear the malfunction. I teach this to my students as well because this maneuver does correct several malfunctions including magazines that are not properly seated, some failures to feed, and perhaps others and is generally an effective technique. But automatically executing a tap-rack maneuver is not always good idea depending upon the circumstances.

When a cartridge’s propellant does not fully ignite or when there is an insufficient powder charge, it may still generate enough pressure to cause the bullet to enter the barrel and lodge in the pistol's bore. Commonly known as a squib, if the cartridge's failure causes a bullet to be lodged in the barrel, subsequently loading and firing another round with the bore obstructed can result in serious damage to your firearm and potentially serious injury to you or a bystander.

In a recent match, a competitor had a failure to fire. Before the safety officer could stop the shooter, another competitor on the squad shouted “Tap – Rack!” The competitor did exactly that—he chambered and fired another round. Suddenly his pistol was out of action. The competitor had a squib and a bullet was lodged in the barrel. The round he chambered and fired behind the lodged bullet destroyed the barrel. In the picture below, arrows indicate a bulge in the barrel and an area where the chamber fractured and feed ramp was damaged. My quick examination showed that the slide and frame appeared to be undamaged—a testament to the Canik METE SFx’s strength. Regardless, I suggested that the competitor contact the manufacturer and have the pistol components examined to ensure that they were still within specifications and safe to use.

 

In the past couple of years, I have personally seen or have direct knowledge of several instances of factory rounds with insufficient powder charges. SIG SAUER, Hornady, Browning, Herter’s and Winchester have all recalled 9mm ammunition that may not have had proper powder charges. In 2021, Winchester recalled sixty lots which I would guess is a lot of bullets—some of it may still be around.

In competition or training when you are not working on malfunction clearance, it is important to pause and check the firearm’s status if there is even a remote possibility of a squib. This is particularly important in a match since firing in an adjacent bay can mask the sound of a squib. Since squib loads generally fail to expel the bullet from the barrel, you must use a metal rod or wooden dowel and some impact (e.g. a hammer or hard surface) to drive the bullet out before the firearm can be placed back into action. Matches and training are not life and death situations, if a competitor or student has a malfunction that could produce a squib, we are better off stopping them and ensuring that their firearm is safe to continue and then to re-shoot the stage or continue training before we permit something that may result in an injury to a shooter or someone nearby.

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The “New” Bakersfield Police Department Qualification -- An Update

In an earlier post, I used the term “old” to describe the Bakersfield Police Department (BPD) qualification that I was discussing because I had seen several internet sources describing what they said was the “new” BPD qualification. At the time, I did not believe that the discussions concerning the new qualification were accurate since from my research, the California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) requires a minimum of thirty-six rounds to be fired at five, seven, and fifteen yards with the handgun (LD 35 of the PC 832 Arrest and Firearms Training Specifications).

I mentioned in my article that I could find no official document concerning the current BPD qualification course of fire and asked for official references that provided this information. In the article, I also mentioned Bob Jewell’s well-researched article in the July 2024 edition of USCCA’s Concealed Carry Magazine which provided additional information and some pictures of Mike Waidelich, the Bakersfield Officer that created the “old” qualification.*

Long story short, Bob contacted me and we discussed the current status of the BPD qualification. The current BPD qualification is as follows:

• Stage 1: Two rounds at 10 feet in 2 seconds

• Stage 2: Two rounds at 20 feet in 3 seconds

• Stage 3: Two rounds, combat reload and two rounds at 30 feet in 7 seconds

• Stage 4: Two rounds at 60 feet in 4 seconds

Per Bob, the BPD rangemaster stated that the department is now using the more readily available IPSC/USPSA target rather than the older Waidelich-designed target. There are no longer any penalties for time over the limit as in Waidelich’s original qualification because the BPD now uses a turning target system. Officers must score 80 or better to pass using the following scoring:

• A-Zone: 10 points

• C-Zone: 9 points

• D-Zone: 6 points

How does this qualification fit within the California POST requirement mentioned above? Per my conversation with Bob Jewell, the BPD fires their qualification quarterly with BPD Officers firing each ten round qualification three times (30 rounds). Their qualification score is the average of the three runs. The April 2024 update to California POST LD 35 of the PC 832 Arrest and Firearms Training specification requires peace officers to fire a minimum of 30 rounds of service ammunition using a presenter approved service handgun, with acceptable accuracy standards and under time restrictions the firearms instructor establishes. In other words, the new BPD qualification does meet California POST April 2024 updated requirements.

Bob mentioned that in mid 2024, the BPD began awarding a coin to any officer who shot a perfect score on the qualification three times in a row. Bob indicated that as of December 2024, the BPD had only awarded coins to two officers. The BPD gave Bob the opportunity to shoot the “new” qualification and he successfully did so with three perfect runs on October 13, 2024—thus earning him a coin. Way to go Bob!

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* https://www.firearmtrainerpodcast.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/USCCA-July-2024-Waidelich.pdf

Another Blown Up Pistol!

Although ammo shortages have eased a bit, ammo prices generally have not and still create challenges for many shooters. As a result, some shooters are turning away from major brands and buying reloaded ammo from smaller ammo manufacturers. While the quality is acceptable for many, sometimes it is not.

In one of my recent matches, I heard a substantially louder report from the bay next to me. Upon investigation, I discovered that a shooter’s revolver had essentially detonated.

I asked him if he was OK and he said yes. He only had some soot spots in several areas on his hands. The round in the firing chamber (the blue arrow in the picture below) had discharged with enough pressure that gas burned through the adjacent cylinder walls (red arrows in picture) and caused those rounds to fire as well. There was no obstruction in the bore; however, one the adjacent rounds struck the revolver’s frame. The shooter’s brand new S&W Performance Center® Model 327 Jerry Miculek World Record Revolver and its associated optic were toast—a $3500.00 ouch.

I asked if he was using factory ammunition and he said he was; however, when I asked what brand he replied that he didn’t know. He said it was a company in San Antonio that manufactured reloaded ammunition, but he didn’t remember the name.

I strongly suspect that the round that detonated was substantially overcharged. As we see in this incident, an overcharge can destroy your firearm and could cause serious injury depending upon the circumstances.

How do we prevent this? The obvious answer is to limit your purchases to major manufacturers and avoid companies that reload ammunition. However, that is not necessarily the best answer as many smaller companies produce excellent ammunition. Additionally, over the past several years I have seen quality control problems with ammunition from several of the major manufacturers as well.

One way to reduce risk would be to purchase a digital reloading scale and weigh every round. Although this is tedious, it would identify any round that weighs markedly less (undercharge) or greater (overcharge) than the average for that box. One caveat, brass from different manufacturers will have different weights so you will need to separate the rounds by brass manufacturer if the box has mixed brass.

As of this writing, a simple digital reloading scale costs less than $50.00. This is quite a bit less than a $3500.00 custom pistol.

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A Low Light SSD-Academy Short Range Match

Benelli M2 w/ 14-Inch Barrel

We recently completed our first Sensible Self Defense Academy low light Short Range Match for 2025—a good time and a good learning experience for all. For this match, we allowed shooters to use a pistol, shotgun, or pistol caliber carbine (PCC). We had a number of new shooters who, while very well versed in competition and day-time shooting, had never tried to run their firearms under low light conditions. For those who did not have lights on their gun, we provided sufficient light to enable them to engage the targets.

The match had four stages—two were standards stages similar to a Steel Challenge stage and two were home invasion scenario stages. Shooters ran each stage once during daylight and once the sun sets, the shooters ran each stage in low light. The daylight runs allowed shooters to get a feel for the stages and what was required for a successful run. The daylight segment also allowed Safety Officers to identify any shooters who would likely have been out of their depth in low light conditions.

A Daylight Run

Low light environments pose additional challenges. To be successful in low light conditions, you should have solid mastery of your firearm’s manual of arms. At this match, there was no light provided to the shooters for administrative tasks such as making ready, loading, confirming a round was chambered, reloading, etc. This posed a problem for some. Per one of the new shooters: “Did my first ever night match. Went in fully prepared (not) by installing the light in the last minute. It was fun but kind of disorienting with it being so dark out there!” This shooter failed to drop their PCC’s bolt when loading and reloading on several occasions.

One of the Peace Officers attending the match asked if he could practice the tactics he would use on duty during the match. ABSOLUTELY! That is the main goal of the Short Range Match -- I prefer that people use their everyday carry equipment and practice solid tactics rather than gaming the match. The officer used his issued duty equipment which included an older Benelli M2 with a 14-inch barrel that his department purchased in the early 1990’s. It ran fine throughout the match with no hiccups. His department issued shotgun round was the Remington 000 magnum buckshot load. Out of a 14-inch barrel, this load had an impressive muzzle flash under low light conditions (see lead picture above).

A lesson learned: You must practice low light techniques just like any other skill to have any hope of using them under stress as several shooters in the match discovered. Thankfully, you can practice the techniques with live fire during daylight if your range will not allow night shooting.

How do you practice engaging multiple threats with these techniques? If your local range has IDPA matches, shoot the course of fire using your flashlight if the match director will permit it. Your score probably will not win the match; however, you will learn how to shoot and manipulate your light under some stress. Remember to practice turning the light on and off and you move through the stage.

Practicing how to search a structure (like your house when nobody is home) in the dark is important as well. Do this empty handed, with a blue gun, or with an UNLOADED firearm (check it 3 times!). This helps you identify how the various angles and corners in your house make a given technique a better option than the others.

Some might ask why we should learn and practice low light techniques. I suppose the answer to this question depends upon your personal circumstances and perhaps where you live. If you live in a large city where it is literally never dark due to streetlights, lighted parking lots, etc., then learning and practicing low light techniques may not worth the time and effort. However, even though I live in San Antonio, Texas, in my neighborhood there are no streetlights and you can easily find yourself effectively in the dark when outside at night if there is little or no moon.

To my knowledge, no data exists concerning private citizen-involved shootings with criminals under low light conditions; however, since a lot of criminal activity occurs after dark we can assume that there is a likely correlation. There are several reasons to use a flashlight: to observe and detect, to illuminate and navigate, to eliminate anonymity, and to identify and engage threats. Used properly, a flashlight lets you see danger before it can affect you and it can encourage the potential danger waiting in the dark to go elsewhere.

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A Jugging We Will Go -- Part I

A Jugging We Will Go

If you have not heard the term “jugging,” you might not be paying close attention to the news. Juggers are criminals that wait in or near parking lots near banks, credit unions, or ATMs and watch for people who have likely withdrawn large amounts of money. Juggers then follow the prospective victim to another location where they either physically assault the victim and take their money or wait until the victim is distracted or moves away from their vehicle and they then break into the vehicle to steal the money.

One of my students was a jugging victim in San Antonio in early 2024. She had entered and conducted business at a credit union and then returned home. When she arrived at her house, she pulled her pickup into the driveway through an open gate. She then exited her vehicle and went to the mailbox (outside the yard’s fenced area) to retrieve her mail.

Video of the front gate area shows a car which was following directly behind her pickup drive past her house and then quickly turn around and pull up to her driveway entrance as she is returning from the mailbox. A thug exits the vehicle’s passenger door and sprints to the pickup’s open driver’s door and dives into the pickup to grab her purse. 

She confronts the thug at the driver’s door; however, he pushes past her and returns to his vehicle, jumps in, and the thugs depart.

As the thug returned to his vehicle, my student (who was armed) considered drawing her pistol; however, she thought better of it and did not draw since she was not facing an imminent deadly threat. She said her training kicked in and she realized that drawing her pistol was not warranted. The thug did not threaten her physically nor did he exhibit a weapon; he only pushed past her as he escaped. A good decision on her part given the totality of the circumstances.

San Antonio Police Officers who were investigating the incident told my student that credit union cameras recorded images of the juggers waiting in the parking lot (presumably looking for a potential victim) and slipping in behind her pickup as she departed. The juggers followed her home which was over ten miles from the credit union--she did not notice the car which was directly behind her.

Jugging is on the rise across the United States. In Austin, Texas for example, in 2022 there were 153 reported jugging incidents where victims lost over $1.3 million dollars or an average of approximately $8500.00 per incident. That same year, the Houston Police Department reported over 700 jugging incidents. I have been unable to find any definitive statistics for 2023 or 2024; however, there is no reason to believe the trend is declining.

As I researched this article, I realized that some of these jugging teams are surprisingly sophisticated. When Dallas, Tx saw a rise jugging incidents in 2016 and 2017, the FBI began investigating. Ultimately the bureau arrested and charged thirteen members of a Houston-based crew with over 30 jugging offenses in the Dallas area--there were likely many more. The FBI concluded that the crew had taken more than $750,000.00 dollars, primarily from small business owners and operators.

In researching numerous incidents, I noted that often there were perpetrators using multiple vehicles in coordinated surveillance efforts to identify and follow victims. This fact hit home when I encountered the report of an incident in Schertz, TX, just north of San Antonio. The victim conducted business at a credit union (which coincidentally is the same one my wife and I use). When he departed the location, juggers followed him to a business in a near-by city and severely beat and robbed the victim who died several days later. The juggers lived in Houston and traveled to the San Antonio area to perpetrate their criminal enterprise.

Credit union surveillance video shows a woman wearing a mask inside the credit union and watching the victim. She exits the credit union and enters a gray Chevrolet Impala before following the victim to another business; surveillance video in that location shows the Impala circling the business parking lot while the victim was inside. As the victim exited the business, a Chevrolet Trailblazer pulled up behind the victim’s car and a passenger wearing a surgical mask exited the Trailblazer, approached the victim from behind and then attacked him and knocked him down. A struggle ensued before the suspect took off with an envelope containing the victim’s money. Cibolo, TX police photos show that at least three perpetrators in multiple cars were involved in this fatal robbery. See picture below.

I came across one incident where a bank employee was working with a jugging crew. The bank teller likely noted a pattern where a woman who owned a gas station and check-cashing business routinely withdrew large amounts of cash.  The day of the incident, police say that the bank teller notified the jugging crew that a woman had made a large withdrawal. The juggers followed the woman to her business where she was attacked and robbed of $75,000.00. The woman and her husband who tried to help her were both severely injured and hospitalized.

A former bank teller and the jugging team she tipped off

 

How can we prevent ourselves from becoming a jugging victim? My original intent when I started researching jugging robberies was to write a relatively short article. However, as I researched these incidents and the jugger’s tactics, I realized that since sophisticated teams were perpetrating many of these crimes, the article would need to deal with counter surveillance and other tactics as well. In Part II will discuss how you can avoid becoming a jugging victim.

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Its Back! A 20 Gauge Load with FLITECONTROL®

Federal has begun manufacturing its Federal Premium 20 gauge #2 buckshot load once again. This premium load has a velocity of 1345 feet per second (fps). As of this writing it is the only commercial load available for the 20 gauge with the FLITECONTROL® wad.

I obtained some to test in January 2025 and was pleased with the results (note: I only fired four rounds at each distance—still too difficult to get in quantity). I used a Mossberg 590 20-gauge that had a Vang Comp Systems modified barrel installed and an unmodified Mossberg 590 20-gauge pump shotgun for the test. 

I did not zero the shotguns due to the quantity of ammunition available. As a result, some patterns are not centered on the target; however, I superimposed an eight-inch circle centered on the pattern for reference. 

I started at 10 yards and both guns patterned the 20 gauge #2 buckshot FLITECONTROL® loads with a very tight pattern for all ten pellets at that distance. However, both guns did throw two pellets slightly outside the main pattern which I thought was interesting.

I then moved back to fifteen yards and both 590s patterned the FLITECONTROL® loads within an acceptable eight inches (see below).

Moving back to 20 yards, the pattern with the Vang Comp Mossberg 590 opened to twelve inches with one flyer while the standard 590 threw three pellets slightly out of the eight-inch circle.

We then moved back to 25 yards with the standard 590 and fired two shots. One shot placed all pellets within the eight-inch circle while the other threw a pattern with fliers more than twelve inches from the point of aim. 

As you can see from these results, you must test each load you are considering for your home defense shotgun in your gun. Ideally, shoot five shots at each distance until you determine the maximum acceptable range for your shotgun using that load. With the 20 gauge, I started at ten yards because previous testing with other 20 gauge loads demonstrated failures at that distance. If you see a failure at a given distance, you do not need to test at greater distances. I consider the Vang Comp 590's maximum acceptable range with this load to be fifteen yards while the standard 590's to be twenty yards. (Note: The Vang Comp system is designed to work with standard wads and generally do not do as well with the FLITECONTROL® wad.) 

Overall, I think that Federal's Premium 20 gauge load with a FLITECONTROL® wad lived up to its bigger brother’s reputation and performed well out to fifteen yards. Is that range a limitation? It is not for me, my maximum potential engagement difference in my house is twelve yards. Obviously, your circumstances may vary. Federal's Premium 20 gauge #2 buckshot load will now be the go to round for my 20 gauge home defense shotguns. 

Why chose a shotgun for home defense? 

The shotgun with modern low-recoil ammunition is the most effective short-range weapon available to private citizens and is a superb home defense weapon. The shotgun possesses several advantages over single projectile weapons such as pistols or rifles including: 

-- A solid upper chest hit with a suitable buckshot load has a high potential to end the fight immediately and encourages any of the bad guy’s surviving buddies to seek elsewhere for their entertainment. 

-- Shotguns can be customized relatively easily through adding after-market accessories. 

-- Shotguns are usually very reliable if the shooter is trained in its operation and the gun is mechanically sound. 

-- Even less expensive shotguns can be very effective with modern ammunition. 

-- Shotguns are often seen as sporting firearms and juries may look upon using one to defend yourself more favorably than a AR15-style rifle or a pistol. 

-- In urban areas, the shotgun firing buckshot rounds offers the clear advantage of a significantly reduced down-range danger zone. A shotgun’s maximum range ("maximum range" refers to the furthest distance a projectile will travel when fired from a gun) is much shorter than other firearms suitable for home defense. Buckshot’s maximum range is 748 yards compared to that of a 9mm which is 2130 yds, a .45 ACP at 1840 yards, a .38 Special at 1739 yds, a .357 Magnum at 2398, and the 5.56 rifle round at 3843 yds. (source: Gun Safety: Ammunition Maximum Range; by the NRA Staff; November 7, 2019) 

Is There a Disadvantage to Using a Shotgun for Home Defense? 

Not really. People who recommend firearms other than the shotgun for home defense often point to the shotgun’s limited ammunition capacity. A shotgun set up for home defense will typically hold up to seven shells with each shell holding eight to ten buckshot pellets. If you think about it, an extremely fast shooter with a pistol can deliver six, possibly seven rounds per second with a 9mm pistol. A shotgun with a suitable buckshot load delivers eight to ten pellets traveling over 1,100 feet per second in a millisecond.

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